Ethics in information and communication technology

Questions: 1. What's going on? 2. What are the facts? 3. What are the issues? 4. Who is affected? 5. What are the ethical issues and their implications? 6. What could have been done about it? 7. What are the options? 8. Which option is the best and why? Answers: Introduction: One of the important ambitious technological and scientific adventures of recent time is the artificial intelligence or AI. The artificially intelligent machines are capable to take action in the physical world. Besides this, it acts as software agents making decisions too fast. It controls large swaths of economy and daily lives (Nilsson, 2014). However, the risks of AI are taken into consideration seeing its phenomenal reach and ability. AI lacks empathy and judging of moral conflicts. It has arisen as a concern in ethical dilemma in information and communication technology or ICT ("Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence", 2017). The following essay goes through the ethically arising questions regarding AI. The issues have been identified through various researches online. They are ultimately analysed by the DET or Doing Ethics Technique. 1. The ICT has been using tools for human thought capable of amplifying the brainpower. The brainpower has a far reaching influence on the society due to its ability to control various human activities. This resulted in emerging of smart machines or gadgets made intelligent artificially. It has been built on the basis of uninterrupted communication among objects. As the AI is further penetrating on daily lives, questions are been raised regarding its potential risks and benefits ("How Powerful AI Technology Can Lead to Unforeseen Disasters", 2017). 2. The current dramatic progress of AI involves programs capable to acquire extraordinary performances in difficult games. It has resulted in self-driving cars with certain safety records. AI software is enable to recognize human activities, speeches and faces around unimaginable wide data sets. As the AI is indulging more into daily lives, it is becoming an integral member of the society. This raises various questions that are ethical and factual. Besides this, the reasoning structures used to identify their answers has deep coherence with the fundamental and traditional ethical enquiries (CohenFeigenbaum,2016). 3. The prospect of the society along with AI imposes various queries. Many of them are identified through the lens of ethics. The fundamental question is about the behavior of AI in the society. As the AI captures jobs of human beings, the issue arises regarding the measure to eradicate the shortage of job supply for humans. Further, the AI can create a worry about the super-intelligence and singularity. The AI systems should be allowed to take life of others is another subject of debate. Lastly, the treatment of AI by the human is an ethical issue that has also been raised (Pistono Yampolskiy, 2016). Some of the non-ethical issues have also taken birth, on the other hand. Firstly it has been about inequality. The method of distributing wealth created by machines is needed to be sorted out. As an AI performs any mistake, the process of guarding it has become an issue. This phenomenon is called the artificial stupidity. There should also be a process to eliminate the AI bias. Moreover, the AI must also be kept secured from the adversaries. Finally, the method to protect the AI from unintended consequences has been a non-ethical subject of concern (Pistono Yampolskiy, 2016). 4. Some of the ethical problems have been regarding the mitigating of sufferings. Others are about the risking of negative outcomes. Overall this affects the lives of everyone. The AI is intruding the privacy right of people and freedom to access data. Many current jobs are getting supplanted due to the surging ability of AI. Various professional roles of lawyers, doctors and accountants are getting replaced by AI. Low skill workers are reallocating their jobs which have not been accepted through computerization. On the other hand, data expertise will be more important exponentially. The roles of senior managers are getting altered in the data-driven world. Organizations are putting cyber security with defence and intelligence priorities. In the future AI collection is going to provide scopes for the technological parity worldwide. AI has also started playing primary roles in content creation (Strong, 2016). 5. AI has been capturing jobs of human. Let the example of self-driving trucks be taken. It has been a better ethical choice for lowering the risks of accidents. AI bots has been evolving in better modelling of human relationships and conversion. A human being is restricted to the kindness and attention that they come across others. AI bots has been able to channel unlimited resources virtually to create relationships. Human being has seen residing at the top of food-chain due to its intelligence and ingenuity. The traditional system of the civilization is shattering due to AI acquiring the same advantages. This point is called singularity when the human beings shall loose being the most intelligent species on earth. Thus sustenance of human beings under the control of a complicated intelligent system has arisen as a crucial ethical issue. The neuroscientists have been still working to unlock the secrets behind conscious experience. However, human beings only understand the basic gro und of getting reward and the aversion. As the AI has been surpassing human beings in various aspects, inferiority complexes of human beings are rising as an implication of the issue (Luxton, Anderson Anderson, 2015). 6. Proper ethics should be applied as discipline to explore the understanding of the world by the AI. There have been various schools of thoughts existing differing in answers as well as formulating of the basic questions. The normative purpose of ethics determines how people are expected to act. This relies effectively on the descriptive arguments. These descriptive arguments are as crucial as the normative ones. The researchers and designers of AI must push the machines to create the capability to describe various situations in terms of ethics and to render the judgments (Luxton, Anderson Anderson, 2015). 7. To deal with the issues three vital and critical orientations must be adopted for AI. These are the utilitarianism or consequentialism, virtue ethics and the deontological ethics (LaFollette, 2014). 8. The utilitarianism has been the best option to impose on AI. It is a very recent approach developed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. It deals with the largest wellness possible for maximum number of people. In computer science the utility has been used as a proxy for goodness of individual. Utilitarianism is the major basis for the notion of game theory. It selects the action that maximizes the expected utility. The game theory at the primary strata is consequentialist in nature. It can be used in order to represent more updated preferences among various states of affairs. Thus the utility has given various insights and advantages to algorithms used in web or daily lives (Burton et al., 2017). Conclusion: Like the various areas of AI that are studied or researched, the ethical theories must also be researched to eradicate its dilemmas. The theories must help in naming, explaining and evaluating the principles and inclinations informing the choices existing already. The essay explores the basic ethical perspectives and viewpoints that could be framed out for the discourse of how the machines are to be designed and understood. The DET can be utilized as an initiative point for imposing ethics unit within the artificial intelligence. References Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Koenig, S., Kuipers, B., Mattei, N., Walsh, T. (2017). Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Courses.arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07769 Cohen, P. R., Feigenbaum, E. A. (Eds.). (2016).The handbook of artificial intelligence(Vol. 3). Butterworth-Heinemann. How Powerful AI Technology Can Lead to Unforeseen Disasters. (2017). Fortune.com. Retrieved 17 March 2017, from https://fortune.com/2017/02/06/artificial-intelligence-ethics-disasters/ Luxton, D. D., Anderson, S. L., Anderson, M. (2015). Ethical Issues and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Behavioral and Mental Health Care.Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care, 255. Nilsson, N. J. (2014).Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. Pistono, F., Yampolskiy, R. V. (2016). Unethical Research: How to Create a Malevolent Artificial Intelligence.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02817. Strong, A. I. (2016). Applications of Artificial Intelligence Associated Technologies.Science [ETEBMS-2016],5, 6. Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence. (2017). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 17 March 2017, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/